SpaceX aims to launch up to one million data centers into orbit, but the tech industry is facing a major hurdle: how to manage the heat generated by these powerful machines.

In space, equipment can reach scorching temperatures of 80°C, making it difficult for electronics to function. Traditional cooling methods on Earth rely heavily on convection and air conditioning, which are ineffective in the vacuum of space. Instead, heat must be radiated into the cold void—an arduous process that requires large radiators.

One solution is already in development. Yves Durand led a feasibility study for Europe to put gigawatt-scale data centers into orbit by 2050, featuring solar arrays larger than the International Space Station. But this isn’t just about cooling; it’s also about radiation resistance. Electronics in space are bombarded by cosmic particles and solar radiation, causing bit flips and long-term degradation of performance.

Computer chips must be designed to withstand these harsh conditions, but they come at a cost. Traditional space-hardened electronics are expensive and outdated compared to Earth-based technology. The challenge is finding a balance between cost and performance for the future of orbital computing infrastructure.